What part of the economy finances public goods?
The part of the economy that finances public goods is the public finance sectors. They see to how money is been spent that is expenditure and how money comes in to the government that is revenue.
Public finance is the study of government’s role in an economy. Public finance is the branch of economics that deals and assesses the revenue and expenditures of the government. In public finance, we study the finance of the public or governments.it deals with the questions on how governments revenues are being generated in the economy to meets its daily expenditures. Public finance is concerned with the income and expenditures of public authorities.
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Taxation effects, government expenditures, deficit financing and public borrowing in an economy constitutes the theory of public finance. Public finance studies the effect of the achievements of the major economic objects like growth, efficiency and stability.
What are the reason for public finance? Public finance helps the government on
- Efficient allocation of resources
- Macroeconomic stabilization
- Distribution of income
Government gets revenues in different ways to meet their day to day expenditure. Some of the ways revenue are generated for expenditures are:
- Tax
- Government borrowing
- Grants and aids
- Inflation
- Revenue from government own corporations
Tax
The main objective of taxation is to raise funds and revenues for government. Taxes can be defined as the specific amount of money levied on an individual or firms to be paid to the government for goods sold or bought. Taxation on the other hand is the act of imposing tax on an individual or firms. There are different types of tax, we have the direct tax and the indirect tax. The direct tax is paid directly into the government account by the firms and individuals and this is proportional. The indirect tax has been paid immediately a good or service is purchased. The person the goods is purchased from will be the one to pay the tax which takes us back to the direct tax. Indirect tax is differential in nature. There are also other categories of tax which are stamp duty, excise duty for production for sale, sales tax levied on business transaction(value added tax and service tax), road tax, gift tax, duties, wealth tax, personal income tax.
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Government borrowing
Government borrows money from other countries or World Bank to get revenues. The money borrowed are invested by buying bonds and selling it to public to get money for the economy expenditure.
INFLATION
This is the continuous increase in the price level of goods and services without corresponding increase in the value of money. Government try to ingest money into circulation, consequently, the price of goods increase leaving the value of money to decline.
GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES
GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE include all government spending on investment, income distribution, transfer payments and government consumption. Government final consumption on expenditure is the acquisition by governments, of goods and services for current use, to directly satisfy the individual or collective needs of the community.it is the purchase from national accounts of goods and services directly satisfying of individual needs.
Transfer payments
Transfer payments in public finance deals with government expenditure that are not acquisition of goods and services and instead just represents the payments of money such as social security payments. These payments are considered to be wastage as they do not add to the government but rather absorbs resources from the governments. They are paid without any exchange of goods and services an example is payment of welfare(financial aid) government giving subsidies on certain products to certain people or to the public at large( fuel subsidy).
Income distribution
This is a form of government expenditure that is intended for the transfer of money from groups to others. An example is government transferring money to people involve in natural disaster. Others are public pension transferred from the young to the old, income insecurity, employment insurance, health care, public finance for campaign during election. They also help in grants and aids by giving aids to countries suffering from economy crisis.
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Infrastructure and investment (gross fixed capital formation)
This is intended to create future benefits. Infrastructure investment, or research spending is called gross fixed capital formation. Acquisition of goods and services is derived through production by the government. Or through purchases of goods and services from market producers. The government can buy bonds from the public and resell at higher rate to get income for the government. Some infrastructure produced by the government are construction of railway, construction of overhead bridge.
